(Chemistry) Structure -Bonding , Mathematical Concept and States of Matter UOR B.SC First Sem

Syllabus

Course Code: CHM-51T-101

Structure-Bonding, Mathematical Concept and States of Matter

Unit-I

Ionic Solids: General characteristics of ionic bonding, Ionic structures, radius ratio effect and coordination number, limitation of radius ratio rule, Lattice enthalpy and Born-Lande equation for calculation of Lattice Enthalpy (no derivation), Born-Haber cycle and its applications, Solvation enthalpy and solubility of ionic solids, polarizing power and polarizability, Fajan’s rule, Lattice defects, semiconductors.

Metallic Bond: Free electron, valence bond and bond theories.

Weak Interactions: Hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces.

Unit-II

Covalent Bond: Valence bond theory and its limitations, Directional character, Hybridization. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to NH₃, H₃O⁺, SF₄, CIF₃, , H₂O.

Molecular Orbital Theory: LCAO method, bonding, nonbonding and anti-bonding MOs and their characteristics for combinations of atomic orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear and heteronuclear (CO and NO) diatomic molecules. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

Multicenter bonding in electron deficient molecules, bond strength and bond energy, ionic character in covalent compounds, calculation of percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.

Unit-III

Mathematical Concepts: Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculations of slopes, differentiation of functions like k_x, e^x, xⁿ, sinx and log x; maxima and minima, partial differentiation and reciprocity relations, integration of some useful/relevant functions; permutations and combinations, factorials, probability, Matrices and Determinant.

Liquid State: Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases, Liquid crystals: Difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid.

Solid State: Definition of space lattice, unit cell.

Laws of crystallography- (i) Law of constancy of interfacial angles (ii) Law of rationality of indices (iii) Law of symmetry, Symmetry elements in crystals.

Basic concept of X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg’s equation, Determination of crystal structure of NaCl and CaCl (Laue’s method and powder method), Defects in solids.

Unit-IV

Gaseous State: Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior, van der Waals equation of state.

Critical Phenomenon: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of van der Waals equation, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state.

Molecular Velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, Mean free path and collision diameter, Liquification of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect).

Colloidal State: Definition of colloids, classification of colloids.

Solids in liquids (sols): properties-kinetic, optical and electrical, stability of colloids, Protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.

Liquid in solids (gels): classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general applications of colloids.

Liquids in liquids (emulsions): types of emulsions, preparation, Emulsifier.

Chemistry Lab

Organic Chemistry

Laboratory Techniques                                                                     3 marks

a)      Determination of melting point (naphthalene, benzoic acid, urea, etc.); boiling point (methanol, ethanol, cyclohexane, etc.): mixed melting point (urea-cinnamic acid, etc.).

b)      Crystallization of phthalic acid and benzoic acid from hot water, acetanilide from boiling water, naphthalene from ethanol etc.; Sublimation of naphthalene, camphor etc.

Qualitative Analysis                                                                          7 marks

Identification of functional groups (unsaturation, phenolic, alcoholic, carboxylic, carbonyl, ester, carbohydrate, amine, amide, nitro and hydrocarbon) in simple organic compounds (solids or liquids) through element detection (N.S and halogens)

Physical Chemistry

Viscosity and Surface Tension:                                                       10 marks

a)      To determine the viscosity/surface tension of a pure liquid (alcohol etc.) at room temperature. (Using the Ostwald viscometer/stalagmometer).

b)      To determine the percentage composition of a given binary mixture (acetone and ethyl methyl ketone) by surface tension method.

c)      To determine the percentage composition of a given mixture (non-interacting systems) by viscosity method.

d)      To determine the viscosity of amyl alcohol in water at different concentration and calculate the excess viscosity of these solutions.