ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (MAJOR) MAKAUT BBA SECOND SEM

Module 1: Introduction to Environmental Education

1.1.

Environmental Education

13

1.1.1.

Meaning and Definition of Environmental Studies

13

1.1.2.

Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Education

14

1.1.3.

Scope of Environmental Studies

16

1.1.4.

Need and Importance of Environmental Education

18

1.2.

Sustainbility and Sustainable Development

19

1.2.1.

Concept of Sustainability

19

1.2.2.

Need for Sustainability

19

1.2.3.

Meaning and Definition of Sustainable Development

20

1.2.4.

Principles of Sustainable Development

21

1.2.5.

Indicators of Sustainability

22

1.2.6.

Reasons for Unsustainability

24

1.2.7.

From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development

24

1.2.8.

Importance of Sustainable Development

26

1.3.

Exercise

27

Module 2: Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation

2.1.

Ecosystem

28

2.1.1.

Concept of an Ecosystem

28

2.1.2.

Structure of an Ecosystem

28

2.1.3.

Abiotic Components

29

2.1.4.

Biotic Components

29

2.1.4.1.

Producers

30

2.1.4.2.

Consumers/ Heterotrophs

30

2.1.4.3.

Decomposers

31

2.1.5.

Functions of an Ecosystem

31

2.1.6.

Energy Flow in the Ecosystem

32

2.1.7.

Food Chains

33

2.1.7.1.

Organisms in Food Chains

34

2.1.7.2.

Types of Food Chains

34

2.1.7.3.

Importance of Food Chains

35

2.1.8.

Food Webs

35

2.1.8.1.

Kinds of Food Webs

36

2.1.8.2.

Difference between Food Web and Food Chain

37

2.1.9.

Nutrient Cycle

37

2.1.10.

Ecological Succession

38

2.1.10.1.

Factors of Ecological Succession

38

2.1.10.2.

Stages of Ecological Succession

39

2.1.10.3.

Types of Ecological Succession

40

2.2.

Ecosystem Types

41

2.3.

Forest Ecosystem

41

2.3.1.

Introduction

41

2.3.2.

Characteristics/Features of Forest Ecosystem

42

2.3.3.

Structure of Forest Ecosystem

42

2.3.4.

Functions of Forest Ecosystem

43

2.3.5.

Types of Forests

44

2.4.

Grassland Ecosystem

45

2.4.1.

Introduction

45

2.4.2.

Characteristics/Features of Grassland Ecosystem

45

2.4.3.

Structure of Grassland Ecosystem

46

2.4.4.

Functions of Grassland Ecosystem

47

2.4.5.

Types of Grassland Ecosystem

47

2.5.

Desert Ecosystem

48

2.5.1.

Introduction

48

2.5.2.

Characteristics/Features of Desert Ecosystem

48

2.5.3.

Structure of Desert Ecosystem

49

2.5.4.

Functions of Deserts Ecosystem

50

2.5.5.

Types of Desert Ecosystem

51

2.6.

Aquatic Ecosystem

51

2.6.1.

Introduction

51

2.6.2.

Characteristics/Features of Aquatic Ecosystem

52

2.6.3.

Structure of Aquatic Ecosystem

53

2.6.4.

Functions of Aquatic Ecosystem

54

2.6.5.

Types of Aquatic Ecosystem

54

2.6.5.1.

Lentic and Lotic Ecosystem

54

2.6.5.2.

Pond Ecosystem

55

2.6.5.3.

Stream and River Ecosystem

55

2.6.5.4.

Lake Ecosystem

55

2.6.5.5.

Ocean Ecosystem

56

2.6.5.6.

Estuarine Ecosystem

56

2.6.5.7.

Marine Ecosystem

56

2.6.5.8.

Wetland

57

2.7.

Ecosystem Management

57

2.7.1.

Introduction

57

2.7.2.

Principles of Ecosystem Management

58

2.7.3.

Strategies to Ecosystem Management

59

2.8.

Sustainable Development and Sustainability Indicators

60

2.9.

Ecological Adaptation

61

2.9.1.

Introduction

61

2.9.2.

Types of Ecological Adaptation

62

2.9.3.

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Organisms to Temperature and Water

63

2.10.

Ecological Interaction

66

2.10.1.

Introduction

66

2.10.2.

Types of Ecological Interactions

67

2.10.3.

Ecological Interactions Based on Duration of Impact

67

2.10.3.1.

Short-Term Interaction

67

2.10.3.2.

Long-Term Interaction