(BOTANY ,Paper -I) Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding & Nanotechnology B.Sc 6th Sem UP

Unit ¼bdkbZ½

Topic ¼fo"k;½

Hrs ¼?kaVs½

I

Cell Biology

Structure and function of cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, peroxisomes and cell inclusions - Organisation of nucleus: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm and nucleolus.

Chromosomal nomenclature- chromatids, centromere, telomere, satellite, secondary constriction. Organization of chromosomes- Nucleic acid and histones- types and classification. Lampbrush chromosomes and polytene chromosomes- Karyotype and idiogram. Cell cycle: G0, G1, S and G2 phases – mitosis: open and closed mitosis – amitosis, meiosis. Variation in Chromosome number (Numerical aberrations)- anueploidy and Euploidy-haploidy, polyploidy- significance (Structural aberrations) - deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.

dksf'kdk thofoKku

dksf'kdk fHkfÙk] IykTek f>Yyh] jkbckslkse] var%iznzO;h tkfydk] x‚Yth dk;] ekbVksd‚fUMª;k] DyksjksIykLV] ykblkslkse] ij‚fDllkse vkSj dksf'kdk lekos'ku dh lajpuk vkSj dk;Z & dsUnzd dk laxBu& dsUnzd vkoj.k] U;wfDy;ksIykTe vkSj U;wfDy;ksylA

xq.klw=h ukedj.k& ØkseSfVM~l] lsaVªksfe;j] Vhyksfe;j] lSVsykbV] f}rh;d ladqpuA xq.klw=ksa dk laxBu & U;wfDyd vEy vkSj fgLVksu & çdkj vkSj oxhZdj.kA ySEicz'k xq.klw= vkSj i‚yhVhu xq.klw= & dSfj;ksVkbi vkSj bfM;ksxzkeA dksf'kdk pØ& G0, G1, S vkSj G2 pj.k & lelw=h& [kqyk vkSj can lelw=h & vlw=hfoHkktu] v/kZlw=hfoHkktuA xq.klw= la[;k esa fHkUurk ¼la[;kRed foiFku½ & vuqxqf.krk vkSj ;wIyksbMh&vxqf.kr] cgqxqf.krk& egRo ¼lajpukRed foiFku½ & foyksiu] f}xq.ku] O;qRØe.k vkSj vuqoknuA

8

II

Genetics

Chromosome theory of inheritance, crossing over and linkage; Incomplete dominance and codominance; Interaction of Genes; Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, Polygenic inheritance; Extra-nuclear Inheritance, Linkage, crossing over, Concept of sex determination and Sex chromosomes; Patterns of Sex determination in plants

vkuqokaf'kdh

oa'kkuqØe] thu fofue; vkSj fyadst dk xq.klw= fl)kar] viw.kZ çHkkfork vkSj lgçHkkfork thu dh var%fØ;k] cgqfodYih ,syhYl] ?kkrd ,syhYl] ,fiLVkfll] fIy;ksVª‚ih] i‚yhtsfud oa’kkxfr] ckg~;&dsUnzd oa’kkxfr] fyadst] thu fofue;] fyax fu/kkZj.k vkSj fyax xq.klw= dh vo/kkj.kk] ikS/kksa esa fyax fu/kkZj.k ds iSVuZ

7

III

Plant Breeding

Plant introduction. Agencies of plant introduction in India, Procedure of introduction - Acclimatization – Achievements, Selection - mass selection, pure line selection and clonal selection. Genetic basis of selection methods, Hybridization: Procedure of hybridization, inter generic, inter specific, inter varietal hybridization with examples. Composite and synthetic varieties, Male sterility, Heterosis and its exploitation in plant breeding, Mutation, Molecular Breeding (use of DNA markers in plant breeding), achievements in India, Breeding for pest, pathogenic diseases and stress resistance.

Ikkni Átuu

ikni ifjp;- Hkkjr esa ikni ifjp; dh ,tsafl;k¡] ifjp; dh çfØ;k & vuqdwyu & miyfC/k;k¡] p;u & lkewfgd p;u] 'kq) oa’kØe p;u vkSj Dyksuy p;uA p;u fof/k;ksa dk vkuqoaf'kd vk/kkj] ladj.k& ladj.k dh çfØ;k] varjkoa’kh;] varjkfof'k"V] varj fofo/krk ladj.k mnkgj.k lfgrA la;ksftr vkSj laf’y"V fdLesa] uj ca/;rk] gsVsjksfll vkSj ikS/kksa ds çtuu esa bldk mi;ksx] mRifjorZu] vk.kfod çtuu ¼ikni çtuu esa DNA ekdZjksa dk mi;ksx½] Hkkjr esa miyfC/k;k¡] dhVksa ds fy, çtuu] jksxtud jksx vkSj ruko çfrjks/kA

8

IV

Biostatistics

Definition, statistical methods, basic principles, variables- measurements, functions, limitations and uses of statistics. Biometry: Data, Sample, Population, random sampling, Frequency distribution- definition only, Central tendency– Arithmetic Mean, Mode and Median; Measurement of dispersion–Coefficient of variation, Standard Deviation, Standard error of Mean; Test of significance: chi- square test for goodness of fit. Computer application in biostatistics - MS Excel and SPSS

tSo lkaf[;dh

ifjHkk"kk] lkaf[;dh; fof/k;k¡] ewy fl)kar] pj&eki] Qyu] lhek,¡ vkSj lkaf[;dh dk mi;ksxA tSo lkaf[;dh& MsVk] uewuk] tula[;k] ;k–fPNd uewukdj.k] vko`fÙk forj.k& dsoy ifjHkk"kk] dsaæh; ço`fÙk& vadxf.kr ek/;] cgqyd vkSj ekf/;dk] ifj{ksi.k fopj.k xq.kkad] ekud fopyu] ek/; dh ekud =qfV] lkFkZd ijh{k.k& vklatu
Js"Brk ds fy, dkbZ-LDok;j ijh{k.kA tSolkaf[;dh esa daI;wVj ,fIyds’ku – MS ,Dlsy vkSj SPSS

7

V

Plant Tissue Culture

Principles, components and techniques of in vitro plant cultures, Callus cultures, Cell culture, cell suspension cultures, Embryogenesis and organogenesis, Protoplast isolation and culturing of protoplast- principle and application, regeneration of protoplasts, protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization- selection of hybrid cells, Somaclonal variation, Plant secondary metabolites production.

ikni Ård lao/kZu

bu foVªks ikni lao/kZu ds fl)kar] ?kVd vkSj rduhdsa] dSyl lao/kZu] dksf’kdk lao/kZu] dksf’kdk fuyacu lao/kZu] Hkzw.ktuu vkSj vaxfodkl] çksVksIykLV i`FkDdj.k vkSj çksVksIykLV dk lao/kZu& fl)kar vkSj vuqç;ksx] çksVksIykLV dk iqutZuu] çksVksIykLV lay;u vkSj dkf;d ladj.k& ladj dksf'kdkvksa dk p;u] lksekDyksuy fHkUurk] ikni f}rh;d p;kip;ksa dk mRiknuA

8

VI

Nanotechnology

Fundamentals of nanoscale self-assembly process involved in important functional biomolecules such as Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), Proteins, Enzymes. Cell structure and organelles, nanoscale assembly of cellular components (cell membrane and liposomes). Nanoscale assembly of microorganisms virus). Nano-particles synthesis, Biological synthesis of Nanoparticles, Advantages and applications of biologically synthesised nanomaterials. Introduction to biological nanomaterials. Biomineralisation, Magnetosomes, nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors.

uSuks çkS|ksfxdh

U;wfDyd vEy ¼DNA vkSj RNA½] çksVhu] ,atkbe tSls egRoiw.kZ dk;kZRed tSo v.kqvksa esa 'kkfey uSuksLdsy Lo&la;kstu çfØ;k ds ewy fl)karA dksf'kdk lajpuk vkSj vaxd] dksf’kdh; ?kVdksa ¼dksf'kdk f>Yyh vkSj fyikslkse½ dh uSuksLdsy vlsacyhA lw{etho ok;jl dh uSuksLdsy vlsacyh½A uSuks&d.k la'ys"k.k] uSuksd.kksa dk tSfod la'ys"k.k] tSfod :i ls la'ysf"kr uSuks lkexzh ds ykHk vkSj vuqç;ksxA tSfod uSuks lkexzh dk ifjp;A tSo[kfuthdj.k] eSXusVkslksEl] uSuks&dhVuk'kd] uSuks&moZjd] uSuks&lsaljA

7

VII

Artificial Intelligence in Plant Sciences

Big Data Analytics, Blockchain Technology, 3-D Printing, Machine learning, Algorithms of Machine Learning, Expert systems and Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic algorithms, Predictive Analytics, Agents and Robotics, IoT Sensors, Object Image capture & analysis; Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Plant Science.

ikni foKku esa —f=e cqf)eÙkk

fcx MsVk ,ukfyfVDl] Cy‚dpsu çkS|ksfxdh] 3-D  fçafVax] e'khu yfuaZx] e'khu yfuaZx ds ,Yxksfjne] ,DliVZ flLVe vkSj Qth y‚ftd] vkfVZfQf'k;y U;wjy usVodZ vkSj vkuqokaf'kd ,Yxksfjne] fçfMfDVo ,ukfyfVDl] ,tsaV vkSj jkscksfVDl] IoT lsalj] v‚CtsDV best dSIpj vkSj fo'ys"k.k] ikni foKku esa —f=e U;wjy usVodZ ds vuqç;ksxA

8

VIII

Introduction to Use of Digital Technologies – AI, IoT & ICT in Botany

Educational software- INFLIBNET, NICNET, BRNET, internet as a knowledge repository google scholar, science direct. Resource management, weather forecasting. IoT Database management, IoT platforms, IoT Graphical user interface. IoT application development for Android Mobile phones, ICT Applications for different crops and horticulture.

fMftVy rduhd ¼ÁkS|ksfxdh½ ds mi;ksx dk ifjp;&ouLifr foKku esa AI, IoT vkSj ICT

'kSf{kd l‚¶Vos;j& INFLIBNET, NICNET, BRNET] Kku HkaMkj ds :i esa baVjusV] xwxy Ld‚yj] lkbal Mk;jsDVA lalk/ku çca/ku] ekSle iwokZuqekuA IoT MsVkcsl çca/ku] IoT IysVQ‚eZ] IoT xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsslA ,aMª‚bM eksckby Qksu ds fy, IoT ,fIyds'ku fodkl] fofHkUu Qlyksa vkSj ckxokuh ds fy, ICT ,fIyds'kuA

7

Unit ¼bdkbZ½

Topic ¼fo"k;½

Hrs ¼?kaVs½

I

Cell Biology

1.        Study of plant cell structure with the help of epidermal peal mount of Onion/Rhoeo/Crinum

2.        Measurement of cell size by the technique of micrometry.

3.        Counting cells per unit volume with the help of haemocytometer (Yeast/pollen grains)

4.        Determination of mitotic index and frequency of different mitotic stages in pre-fixed root tips of Allium cepa.

dksf'kdk thofoKku

1.        I;kt/fj;ks/fØue ds ckg~;Roph; fNydk ekmaV dh lgk;rk ls ikni dksf'kdk lajpuk dk v/;;u

2.        ekbØksesVªh rduhd }kjk dksf'kdk vkdkj dk ekiuA

3.        ghekslkbVksehVj ¼;hLV@ijkx d.k½ dh lgk;rk ls çfr bdkbZ vk;ru dksf'kdkvksa dh x.kuk

4.        ,fy;e lhik dh iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr ewykxz esa lelw=h lwpdkad vkSj fofHkUu lelw=h pj.kksa dh vko`fÙk dk fu/kkZj.kA

7

II

Genetics

1.        Monohybrid cross (Dominance and incomplete dominance)

2.                 Dihybrid cross (Dominance & incomplete dominance)

3.        Gene interactions (All types of gene interactions mentioned in the syllabus)

1. Recessive epistasis 9: 3: 1.

2. Dominant epistasis 12: 3: I

3. Complementary genes 9: 7

4. Duplicate genes with cumulative effect 9: 6: 1

5. Inhibitory genes 13: 3

4.        Observe the genetic variations among inter and intra specific plants.

5.        Demonstration of breeding techniques - Hybridisation, case studies of mutation, polyploidy, emasculation experiment.

vkuqoakf'kdh

1.        ,dladj Ø‚l ¼çHkkfork vkSj viw.kZ çHkkfork½

2.        f}ladj Ø‚l ¼çHkkfork vkSj viw.kZ çHkkfork½

3.        thu var%fØ;k ¼ikBîØe esa mfYyf[kr lHkh çdkj dh thu var%fØ;k½

1. vçHkkoh ,sfiLVsfll 9: 3: 1-

2. izHkkoh ,fiLVkfll 12: 3: I

3. iwjd thu 9: 7

4. lap;h çHkko 9: 6: 1 ds lkFk f}xqf.kr thu

5. fujks/kkRed thu 13: 3

4.        varj vkSj varj fof'k"V ikS/kksa ds chp vkuqoaf'kd fofo/krkvksa dk fujh{k.k djsaA

5.        çtuu rduhdksa dk çn'kZu & ladj.k] mRifjorZu] i‚yhIyksbMh] foiaqlu ç;ksx ds ekeys dk v/;;uA

8

III

Biostatistics

1.        Univariate analysis of statistical data: Statistical tables, mean, mode, median, standard deviation and standard error (using seedling population/leaflet size).

2.        Calculation of correlation coefficient values and finding out the probability.

3.        Determination of goodness of fit in Mendellian and modified mono-and dihybrid ratios (3:1, 1:1, 9:3:3:1, 1:1:1:1, 9:7, 13:3, 15:1) by Chi-square analysis and comment on the nature of inheritance.

4.        Computer application in biostatistics - MS Excel and SPSS

tSo lkaf[;dh

1.        lkaf[;dh; MsVk dk ,dpj fo'ys"k.k& lkaf[;dh; lkj.kh] ek/;] cgqyd] ekf/;dk] ekud fopyu vkSj ekud =qfV ¼vadqj dh la[;k/ i.kZd vkdkj dk mi;ksx djds½A

2.        lglaca/k xq.kkad ekuksa dh x.kuk vkSj laHkkO;rk dk irk yxkukA

3.        esaMsfy;u vkSj :ikarfjr ,d&vkSj f}ladj vuqikr esa vklatu Js"Brk dk fu/kkZj.k (3:1, 1:1, 9:3:3:1, 1:1:1:1, 9:7, 13:3, 15:1) dkbZ&LDok;j fo'ys"k.k }kjk vkSj oa'kkuqØe dh ç—fr ij fVIi.khA

4.        tSo lkaf[;dh esa daI;wVj vuqç;ksx & MS ,Dlsy vkSj SPSS

7

IV

Plant Tissue Culture

1.        Familiarisation of instruments and special equipments used in the plant tissue culture experiments

2.        Preparation of plant tissue culture medium, and sterilisation, Preparation of stock solutions of nutrients for MS Media.

3.        Surface sterilisation of plant materials for inoculation (implantation in the medium)

4.        Micropropagation of potato/tomato/-Demonstration

5.        Protoplast isolation and culturing – Demonstration

ikni Ård lao/kZu

1.        ikni Ård lao/kZu ç;ksxksa esa ç;qDr midj.kksa vkSj        fof'k"V midj.kksa ls ifjfpr gksuk

2.        ikni Ård lao/kZu ek/;e dh rS;kjh] vkSj ca/;hdj.k] MS ek/;e ds fy, iks"kd rRoksa ds LV‚d foy;u dh rS;kjhA

3.        Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ikS/kksa dh lkexzh dh lrgh futZehZdj.k ¼ek/;e esa vkjksi.k½

4.        vkyw/VekVj dk lw{eço/kZu&çn'kZu

5.        çksVksIykLV i`FkDdj.k vkSj lao/kZu & çn'kZu

8

V

Ecology & Environment

1.        Ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Halophytes, Epiphytes and Parasites

2.        Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four each).

3.        Study of biotic interactions of: Stem parasite (Cuscuta), Root parasite (Orobanche) Epiphytes, Predation (Insectivorous plants).

4.        Observation and study of different ecosystems mentioned in the syllabus.

5.        Field visit to familiarise students with ecology of different sites

ikfjfLFkfrdh ,oa i;kZoj.k

1.        ikfjfLFkfrd vuqdwyu& tyksn~fHkn] e#n~fHknh] yo.kksn~fHkn] vf/kikni vkSj ijthoh

2.        yo.kksn~fHkn vkSj] e#n~fHkn ¼çR;sd esa pkj½ ds vkdkfjdh vuqdwyu dk v/;;uA

3.        tSfod var%fØ;kvksa dk v/;;u& ruk ijthoh ¼vejcsy½] tM+ ijthoh ¼vksjkscSadh½ vf/kikni] ijHk{kh ¼dhVHk{kh ikS/ks½A

4.        ikBîØe esa mfYyf[kr fofHkUu ikfjfLFkfrd ra=ksa dk voyksdu ,oa v/;;uA

5.        Nk=ksa dks fofHkUu LFkyksa dh ikfjfLFkfrdh ls ifjfpr djkus ds fy, {ks= dk dk;Z{ks=

8

VI

Soil Formation, Properties & Conservation

1.        Determination of pH of various soil and water samples (pH meter, universal indicator/Lovibond comparator and pH paper)

2.        Analysis for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, organic matter and base deficiency from two soil samples by rapid field tests.

3.        Determination of organic matter of different soil samples by Walkley & Black rapid titration method.

4.        Soil Profile study

5.        Soil types of India-Map

e`nk fuekZ.k] xq.k ,oa laj{k.k

1.        fofHkUu feV~Vh vkSj ikuh ds uewuksa ds pH dk fu/kkZj.k ¼pH ehVj] lkoZf=d lwpd /yksfoc‚UM rqyfu= vkSj /isij½

2.        Rofjr {ks= ijh{k.k }kjk nks feV~Vh ds uewuksa ls dkcksZusV] DyksjkbM] ukbVªsV] lYQsV] dkcZfud inkFkZ vkSj {kkj dh deh dk fo'ys"k.kA

3.        o‚dyh ,oa CySd jSfiM vuqekiu fof/k }kjk fofHkUu e`nk uewuksa ds dkcZfud inkFkZ dk fu/kkZj.kA

4.        e`nk ifjPNsfndk v/;;u

5.        Hkkjr ds ekufp= dh e`nk ds çdkj

8

VII

Biodiversity and Phytogeography

1.        Study of community structure by quadrat method and determination of (i) Minimal size of the quadrat, (ii) Frequency, density and abundance of components (to be done during excursion/field visit).

2.        Marking of vegetation types of India, World & Uttar Pradesh on maps

3.        Phytogeographical areas of India

tSo fofo/krk vkSj ikni Hkwxksy

1.        <span style="font-size:11