Optics ( प्रकाशिकी )

Syllabus

PAPER II: OPTICS

Course Code: PHY102

Unit I

Electromagnetic nature of light; Superposition of light waves; Coherence, Spatial and temporal coherence; Interference, Division of Wave front – Young’s double slit experiment, Fresnel’s Biprism, Lloyd’s Mirror; Division of amplitude – Thin films (parallel and wedge shaped films), Newton’s rings.

Interferometers: Michelson’s Interferometer, (i) Idea about form of fringes, (ii) Determination of wavelength, (iii) wavelength difference, (iv) refractive index and visibility of fringes;  Fabry-Perot interferometer; Etalon.

Unit II

Diffraction; Fresnel Diffraction - Half period zones, Zone plate, diffraction at a straight edge and narrow wire; Fraunhoffer Diffraction – Diffraction at circular aperture, diffraction at single and double slits with derivation of equation for intensity and visibility; Diffraction grating, principal maxima and missing orders.

Unit III

Resolving power; Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution, Resolving power of grating and telescope.

Polarization: polarization by reflection, polarizing angle, Brewster’s law, Law of Malus; Polarization by dichroic crystals, birefringence, anisotropic crystals; Nicol prism, Retardation plates, Babinet compensator; Analysis of polarized light.

Unit IV

Optical activity and Fresnel’s explanation; Specific rotation, Half shade and Biquartz polarimeters. Jones matrix, matrix representation of plane polarized waves, matrices for polarizers, retardation plates and rotators.   

ikB~;Øe

Á’u i= II&çdkf’kdh

bdkbZ&1

çdk'k dh fo|qr pqEcdh; ç—fr( çdk'k rjaxksa dk vè;kjksi.k( dyklEc)rk] LFkkfud vkSj vLFkk;h dyklEc)rk( O;frdj.k] rjaxkxz ds foHkktu& ;ax ds f}d js[kkfNnz ç;ksx] Ýsusy dk f}fçTe] y‚;M dk niZ.k( vk;ke dk foHkktu& iryh fQYe ¼lekukarj vkSj ost vkdkj dh fQYe½] U;wVu ds oy;A

O;frdj.kekih& ekbdsylu O;frdj.kekih] ¼i½ fÝtksa ds :i ds ckjs esa fopkj] ¼ii½ ,do.kÊ  çdk'k dh rjaxnS?;Z] ¼iii½ rjaxnS?;Z varj] ¼iv½ viorZukad vkSj fÝtksa dh –';rk( QSczh&isjksV O;frdj.kekih( ,Vy‚uA

bdkbZ&2

foorZu( Ýsusy foorZu& vèkZdky tksu] t+ksu IysV] _tq dksj ij foorZu vkSj ladh.kZ rkj( ÝkmugksQj foorZu & o`Ùkkdkj fNæ ij foorZu] rhozrk vkSj –';rk ds fy, lehdj.k dh O;qRifÙk ds lkFk flaxy vkSj Mcy fLyV ij foorZu( foorZu xzsfVax] mfPp"B fl)kar vkSj yqIr ØeA

bdkbZ&3

çdk'kh; midj.kksa; jSys foHksnu ds ekunaM] xzsfVax dh foHksnu {kerk vkSj nwjchuA

èkzqohdj.k&  ijkorZu }kjk èkzqo.k] èkzqfor dks.k] CkwzLVj dk fu;e] esyl dk fu;e( f}o.khZ fØLVy] nksgjk viorZu ¼f}viorZu½] fo"kenSf'kd fØLVy; fudksy fçTe] eanu IysV vkSj ckfcusV dEislkVj }kjk èkzqo.kA èkzqfor çdk'k dk fo'ys"k.k

bdkbZ&4

izdkf’kd ?kw.kZu vkSj Ýsusy dh O;k[;k( fof'k"V ?kw.kZu] vèkZ vkoj.k vkSj f}viorZu /kzqo.kekihA tksUl eSfVªDl] lery èkzqfor rjaxksa dk eSfVªDl çfrfufèkRo] èkzqod ds fy, eSfVªDl] eanu IysVsa vkSj ?kw.kZdA