Fundamentals of Chemistry-I ( रसायन विज्ञान के मूल सिद्धांत-I )

Unit

Topic

No. of Lectures

1

Atomic Structure and Periodic Properties: Dual nature of matter; de Broglie concept. Heisenberg uncertainty principle; its significance. Atomic orbitals, Schrödinger wave equation (no derivation); significance of ψ and ψ². Quantum numbers, radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curves, shapes of s, p and d orbitals. Aufbau energy diagram, Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. Electronic configuration of elements (s block, p block and first

series of d-block elements). Effective nuclear charge, Slater’s rule.

The general idea of Modern periodic table, atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity-definition, trends of variation in periodic table and their application in prediction and explaining the chemical behaviour of elements and compounds thereof.

12

2

Chemical Bonding-I: Ionic bond, covalent bond-Valence Bond Theory and its limitations; various types of hybridization and shapes of different inorganic and organic molecules. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) and shapes of NH₃, H₂O, H₃O⁺, SF₄, ClF₃, ICl₂^-, TeF₅^- NH₄⁺ and other simple molecules/ions (CO₂, SO₂, SO₃, Cl₂O₇, SO₄^2-, CO₃^2-, NO₃^-, PO₄^3-) including compounds of xenon. Resonance, hyperconjugation, field effects- inductive, mesomeric, electromeric effect.

8

3

Mechanism of Organic Reactions: Types of reagentselectrophiles and nucleophiles. Types of organic reactions. Energy considerations. Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, arynes and nitrenes (with examples).

8

4

Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Types of isomerism optical isomerism- elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centers, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centre, diastereomers, threo and erythro diastereomers, meso compounds, inversion, retention and racemization. Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L and R & S systems of nomenclature. Geometrical isomerism: determination of configuration of geometrical isomers, E & Z system of nomenclature.

12

5

States of Matter-I: Gaseous State-Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior, van der Waal’s equation of states, Critical phenomena – PV isotherms of real gases, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants. Molecular velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities, qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, Numerical problems.

Liquid State-Intermolecular forces, Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Physical properties of liquids including their methods of determination: surface tension, viscosity, Numerical problems.

12

6

States of Matter-II:

Solid State: Introduction to crystalline materials, Definition of space lattice, unit cell, crystal planes, Miller indices, Laws of crystallography – (i) law of constancy of interfacial angles (ii) law of rationality of indices (iii) law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals, X-ray diffraction by crystals. Bragg’s equation, Numerical problems.

Colloidal State: Definition of colloids, classification of colloids. Solids in liquids (sols): properties – kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.

8

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1

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12

2

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8

3

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8

4

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12

5

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12

6

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8