Organic Chemistry - I ( कार्बनिक रसायनविज्ञान - I )

Unit

¼bdkbZ½

Topic

fo"k;

I

I.        Structure and Bonding: bond lengths, bond angles, bond energy, localised and delocalized π bonds, resonance, inductive and field effects, steric effect, tautomerism, inclusion compounds, clathrates, charge transfer complexes, van der Waals interaction, hyperconjugation, aromaticity..

II.      Mechanism of Organic Reactions: Curved arrow notation, drawing electron movements with arrows, half headed and double-headed arrows, Reactive intermediates-generation, structure, stability and reactions of carbocation, carbanion, free radicals and carbenes, Arynes, Nitrenes.

III.   Types of Organic Reactions-addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement, condensation, methods of determination of reaction mechanism (product analysis, intermediates, isotopic effects, kinetic and stereochemical studies). Energy considerations.

I.        lajpuk vkSj caèk&caèk yackbZ] caèk dks.k] caèk ÅtkZ] LFkkuh;—r vkSj foLFkkfir π ca/k] vuqukn] izsjf.kd vkSj {ks= çHkko] LVsfjd çHkko] pyko;ork] lekos'ku ;kSfxd] DySFkzsV~l] vkos'k LFkkukarj.k ladqy] ok.Mj okYl var%fØ;k] vfrla;qXeu] ,sjkseSfVdrkA

II.      dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kfof/k& ?kqekonkj rhj ladsru] rhjksa ds lkFk bysDVª‚u xfrfof/k;ksa dks fpf=r djuk] vkèks 'kh"kZ okys vkSj nks 'kh"kZ okys rhj] vfHkfØ;k'khy eè;orÊ&mRiknu] lajpuk] fLFkjrk vkSj dkckZs/kuk;u dh vfHkfØ;k,¡] dkcZ_.kk;u] eqDr ewyd vkSj dkchZu] ,sjhUk] ukbVªhuA

III.   dkcZfud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds çdkj& ;ksxkRed+] foyksiu] çfrLFkkiu] iquO;ZoLFkkiu] la?kuu] vfHkfØ;k fØ;kfof/k ds fuèkkZj.k ds rjhds ¼mRikn fo'ys"k.k] eè;orÊ] leLFkkfud çHkko] xfrt vkSj f=foe jklk;fud vè;;u½A ÅtkZ v/;;uA

II

IV.    Stereoisomerism

Optical Isomerism: Elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, optical activity, stereogenic centres, enantiomers, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centres, diastereomers, threo and inversion, retention and racemization. Relative and absolute configurations. Sequence rules. D, L and R, S nomenclature.

Geometrical Isomerism: determination of configuration of geometric isomers. E, Z system, geometrical isomerism in oximes and alicyclic compounds.

Conformational Isomerism-Conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane and cyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds, Saw-horse and flying wedge formulae, Fischer and Newman projections formulae. Difference between conformation and configuration.

IV.    f=foe leko;ork

izdkf’kd leko;ork& lefefr ds rRo] vk.kfod fdjsyrk] /kzqo.k ?kw.kZdrk] LVhfj;kstsfud dsaæ] izfrfcac :i leko;o] izfrfcac :i leko;o ds xq.k] nks LVhfj;kstsfud dsaæksa ds lkFk fdjsy vkSj vfdjsy v.kq] vizfrfcEc f=foe leko;o] fFkz;ks vkSj O;qqRØe] çfrèkkj.k vkSj jsflfedhdj.kA lkis{k vkSj fujis{k foU;klA vuqØe fu;eA D, L vkSj R, S ukedj.kA

T;kferh; leko;ork& T;kferh; leko;fo;ksa ds foU;kl dk fuèkkZj.kA E, Z i)fr] vkWfDlEl vkSj ,sfyflfyd ;kSfxdksa esa T;kferh; lefefr

la:i.k leko;ork& ,Fksu vkSj n-C;wVsu vkSj lkbDyksgsDlsu] v{kh; vkSj fuj{kh; Cka/k] l‚&g‚lZ vkSj ¶ykbax ost lw=] fQ'kj vkSj U;weSu çkstsD'ku lw= dk la:i.k vkSj foU;kl ds chp varj

III

V.      Alkanes And Cycloalkanes: Methods of formation with special reference to Wurtz, Kolbe, Corey-House reactions and decarboxylation. Physical properties and chemical reactions. Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes: orientation, reactivity and selectivity.

Cycloalkanes: Nomenclature, methods of preparation. Baeyer's strain theory and its limitations. Ring strain in (cyclopropane and cyclobutane), theory of strainless rings. The case of cyclopropane ring and banana bond.

VI.    Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Dienes: methods of formation. Mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides. Regioselectivity in alcohol-dehydration. Saytzeff's rule, Hofmann elimination. Physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes. Chemical reactions of alkenes- Mechanisms involved in hydrogenation, electrophilic and free-radical additions. Markownikoff’s rule. Hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercurationreduction, epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydrations, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO₄, polymerization of alkenes. Substitutions at allylic and vinylic positions of alkenes.

Nomenclature and Classification of Dienes: isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes, Structure of allenes and butadiene, methods of formation, chemical reaction – 1, 2 and 1, 4 additions, Diels-Alder reaction.

VII. Alkynes: Structure and bonding in alkynes. Methods of formation, chemical reactions and acidity of alkynes. Mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reactions, hydroboration-oxidation, reductions and oxidation reactions.

V.      ,sYdsu vkSj lkbDyks,sYdsu& oqV~t+Z] dksYcs] dksjh&gkml vfHkfØ;kvksa vkSj MhdkcksZfDlyhdj.k ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa xBu ds rjhdsA HkkSfrd xq.k/keZ vkSj jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,aA ,sYdsUk ds eqDr ewyd gSykstu dh fØ;kfof/k vfHkfoU;kl] vfHkfØ;k'khyrk vkSj p;ukRedrkA

lkbDyks,sYdsu& ukedj.k] cukus dh fofèk;k¡A ck;j dk ruko fl)kar vkSj bldh lhek,aA ¼lkbDyksçksisu vkSj lkbDyksC;wVsu½ esa oy; ruko] ruko jfgr oy; dk fl)karA lkbDyksçksisu fjax vkSj dsyk ca/k dh fLFkfrA

VI.    ,sYdhu] lkbDyks,sYdhu] MkbbZu& cukus dh fof/k;k¡A ,Ydksgy ds futZyhdj.k dh fØ;kfofèk vkSj ,sfYdy gSykbM~l dk MhgkbMªksgSykstuhdj.kA ,Ydksgy&futZyhdj.k esa çfrxkferkA lSRtsQ dk fu;e] g‚QeSu foyksiuA ,sYdhu ds HkkSfrd xq.k vkSj dh lkis{k fLFkjrkA ,sYdhu dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,a& gkbMªkstuhdj.k] bysDVªksfQfyd vkSj eqDr&ewyd ;ksxksa esa 'kkfey fØ;kfof/kA ekdkZsuhd‚Q dk fu;eA gkbMªkscksjs'ku&v‚Dlhdj.k] v‚DlheD;Zqjs'ku vip;u] ,i‚DlhMs'ku] vkstksuksfyfll] gkbMªs'ku] gkbMª‚fDlys'ku vkSj KMnO₄ ds lkFk v‚Dlhdj.k] ,sYdhu dk cgqydhdj.kA ,sYdhu ds ,sfyfyd vkSj foukbfyd inksa ij çfrLFkkiuA

MkbbZu dk ukedj.k vkSj oxÊdj.k& i`Fkd]  la;qfXer vkSj lapf;r MkbbZu] ,syhu vkSj C;wVkMkbbZu dh lajpuk] cukus dh fof/k;k¡] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k&1] 2 vkSj 1] 4 ;ksXkkRed+] Mk;Yl&,YMj vfHkfØ;kA

VII. ,sYdkbUk& ,sYdkbUk esa lajpuk vkSj caèkA ,sYdkbUk ds fuekZ.k dh fofèk;k¡] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ vkSj vEyrkA bysDVªkuLusgh vkSj ukfHkdLusgh ;ksXkkRed+ vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kfof/k] gkbMªkscksjs'ku&v‚Dlhdj.k] vip;u vkSj v‚Dlhdj.k vfHkfØ;k,aA

IV

VIII. Arenes and Aromaticity: Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Structure of benzene: molecular formula and Kekule structure. Stability and carbon carbon bond length of benzene, resonance structure, MO picture.

IX.    Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution- general pattern of the mechanism, Arrhenium ion intermediate. Mechanism of nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, mercuration and Friedel-Crafts reaction. Energy profile diagrams. Activation and deactivating substituents, orientation and ortho/para ratio. Side chain reactions of benzene derivatives. Birch reduction.

X.      Alkyl and Aryl Halides: Methods of formation, chemical reactions. Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides, SN₂ and SN₁ reactions with energy profile diagrams, Aryl halides-Methods of formation, nuclear and side chain reactions. Mechanisms of nucleophilic aromatic substitutions.

VIII.  ,sjhUl ,oa ,jkseSfVdrk& csathu O;qRiUU dk ukedj.kA csathu dh lajpuk& vk.kfod lw= vkSj dsdqys lajpukA csathu dh fLFkjrk vkSj dkcZu dkcZu caèk yackbZ] vuqukn lajpuk] MO fiDpjA

IX.    ,sjkseSfVd bysDVªkWuLusgh çfrLFkkiu& fØ;kfof/k dk lkekU; iSVuZ] vkgsZfu;e vk;u eè;orÊA ukbVªhdj.k] gSykstuhdj.k] lYQksuhdj.k] eD;Zwjs'ku vkSj ÝhMsy&Øk¶V~l vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfofèkA ÅtkZ foojf.kdk vkjs[kA lfØ;.k vkSj fuf"Ø; djus okys çfrLFkkiu] vfHkfoU;kl vkSj v‚FkkZs @ iSjk vuqikrA csathu O;qRiUu dh ik'oZ J`[kyk vfHkfØ;k cpZ vip;uA

X.      ,sfYdy vkSj ,sfjy gSykbM~l& cukus dh fofèk;k¡] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡A ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dh ukfHkdLusgh çfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fØ;kfofèk] ÅtkZ foojf.kdk vkjs[kksa ds lkFk, SN₂ o SN₁ vfHkfØ;k,a] ,sfjy gSykbM&fuekZ.k dh fofèk;k¡] ukfHkdh; ,oa ik'oZ J`a[kyk vfHkfØ;k,¡A ukfHkd Lusgh ,sjkseSfVd çfrLFkkiu fØ;kfof/kA