(CHEMISTRY ) Physical Chemistry - I भौतिक रसायन - I

Unit-I 

I.        Mathematical Concepts: Logarithmic relations, curves scratching, equation of straight line and slopes, tracing of curves, differentiation of simple functions like x, ex, xn, sinx, logx; maxima and minima, partial differentiation. Integration of some useful/relevant functions; Permutations and Combinations. Factorials, Probability.

II.      Computers: General introduction to computers, different components of a computer. Hardware and Software, input-output devices, binary numbers and its arithmetic; introduction to computer languages, Programming and operating systems.

Unit- II

III.   Gaseous State: Deviation of gases from ideal behaviour, van der Waals equation of State.

IV.    Critical Phenomenon: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of van der Waals equations, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of states.

V.      Molecular Velocities: Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell's distribution of molecular velocities, collision numbers, mean free path and collision diameter. Liquification of gases (based on Joule Thomson effect).

VI.    Liquid State: A qualitative description of intermolecular forces, structure of liquids,structural differences between solids, liquids and gases.

VII. Liquid Crystals: Difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid. Classification, structure of nematic, smectic and cholestric liquid crystals. Thermography and seven segment cell.

Unit-  III

VIII.           Solid State: Definition of unit cell and space lattice.

IX.    Laws of Crystallography:

1. Law of constancy of interfacial angles

2. Law of rationality of indices

3. Symmetry elements in crystals and law of symmetry.

X.      Diffraction X-ray:  Diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg's equation. Laue’s method and powder method, determination of crystal structure of NaCl, KCl and CsCl

XI.    Colloidal State: Solids in liquids (sols): properties- Kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulz law, goldnumber.

XII. Liquids in Liquids (Emulsions): Types of emulsions, preparation. Emulsifier.

XIII.  Liquids in Solids (Gels): Classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general applications of colloids.

Unit-   IV

XIV.           Chemical Kinetics:

1. Molecularity and order of reaction, concentration dependence of rates, integrated rate expression for- zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order reactions, half-life.

2. Determination of the Order of Reaction: Differential method, method of integration, half-life method and isolation method.

3. Brief outlines of Experimental Methods of Studying Chemical Kinetics: Conductometric, potentiometric, optical methods, polarimetry and spectrophotometery.

4. Theories of Chemical Kinetics: Arrhenius theory of reaction rate, effect of temperature on rate of reaction, concept of activation energy. Simple collision theory based on hard sphere model, transition state theory (equilibrium hypothesis).Thermodynamics aspect of transition state theory.

XV.  Catalysis: Catalysis, classification of catalysis, characteristics of catalyzed reactions.