( Botany ) Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics (Paper-II) U.P B.SC 5th Semester

Unit

Topic

No. of Lectures (60hrs)

I

Genetic Material

Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, Griffith’s and Avery’s transformation experiments, Hershey-Chase, bacteriophage experiment, DNA structure, types of DNA, types of genetic material. DNA replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): semi–conservative. DNA replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): bidirectional replication, semi–conservative, semi discontinuous RNA priming, θ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear, dsDNA, replicating the 5' end of linear chromosome including replication enzymes.

7

II

Transcription & Regulation of Gene Expression

Types of structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types; Translation, (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code. Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes: Lac operon and Tryptophan operon; and in Eukaryotes

7

III

Principles & Techniques of Genetic Engineering

Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western Blotting, DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs; DNA sequencing, PCR and Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and Immunodetection. Antibody Engineering.

8

IV

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants (RoundUp Ready soybean); Transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr tomato, Golden rice); Improved horticultural varieties (Moondust carnations); Role of transgenics in bioremediation (Superbug); Industrial enzymes (Aspergillase, Protease, Lipase); Genetically Engineered Products, Biosafety concerns.

7

V

Bioinformatics & its Applications

Computer fundamentals - Programming languages in bioinformatics, role of supercomputers in biology. Historical background. Scope of bioinformatics - Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Molecular Phylogeny, Computer aided Drug Design (structure based and ligand based approaches), Systems Biology and Functional Biology. Applications and Limitations of bioinformatics.

8

VI

Biological Databases:

Introduction to biological databases - primary, secondary and composite databases, NCBI, nucleic acid databases (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, NDB), protein databases (PIR, Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, PDB), metabolic pathway database (KEGG, EcoCyc, and MetaCyc), small molecule databases (PubChem,)

8

VII

Data Generation and Data Retrieval

Generation of data (Gene sequencing, Protein sequencing, Mass spectrometry, Microarray), Sequence submission tools (BankIt, Sequin, Webin); Sequence file format (flat file, FASTA, GCG, EMBL, Clustal, Phylip, Swiss-Prot); Sequence annotation; Data retrieval systems (SRS, Entrez)

7

VIII

Phylogenetic Analysis

Similarity, identity and homology, Alignment – local and global alignment, pairwise and multiple sequence alignments, alignment algorithms. Methods of Alignment (Dot matrix, Dynamic Programming, BLAST and FASTA); Phylogenetic analysis: Construction of phylogenetic tree, dendrograms, methods of construction of phylogenetic trees.

8