Nursing Foundations I

Unit

Contents

I

Introduction to Health and Illness

·     Concept of Health – Definitions (WHO), Dimensions

·     Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs

·     Health – Illness continuum

·     Factors influencing health

·     Causes and risk factors for developing illnesses

·     Illness – Types, illness behavior

·     Impact of illness on patient and family

II

Health Care Delivery Systems

Introduction of Basic Concepts & Meanings

·     Levels of Illness Prevention – Primary (Health Promotion), Secondary and Tertiary

·     Levels of Care – Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

·     Types of health care agencies/ services – Hospitals, clinics, Hospice, rehabilitation centres, extended care facilities

·     Hospitals – Types, Organization and Functions

·     Health care teams in hospitals – members and their role

III

History of Nursing and Nursing as a Profession

·     History of Nursing, History of Nursing in India

·     Contributions of Florence Nightingale

·     Nursing – Definition – Nurse, Nursing, Concepts, philosophy, objectives, Characteristics, nature and Scope of Nursing/ Nursing practice, Functions of

·     nurse, Qualities of a nurse, Categories of nursing personnel

·     Nursing as a profession – definition and characteristics/criteria of profession

·     Values – Introduction – meaning and importance

·     Code of ethics and professional conduct for nurses – Introduction

IV

Communication and Nurse Patient Relationship

·     Communication – Levels, Elements and Process, Types, Modes, Factors influencing communication

·     Methods of effective communication/therapeutic communication techniques

·     Barriers to effective communication/nontherapeutic communication techniques

·     Professional communication

·     Helping Relationships (Nurse Patient Relationship) – Purposes and Phases

·     Communicating effectively with patient, families and team members

·     Maintaining effective human relations and communication with vulnerable groups (children, women, physically and mentally challenged and elderly)

V

Documentation and Reporting

·     Documentation – Purposes of Reports and Records

·     Confidentiality

·     Types of Client records/Common Recordkeeping forms

·     Methods/Systems of documentation/Recording

·     Guidelines for documentation

·     Do‘s and Don‘ts of documentation/Legal guidelines for Documentation/Recording

·     Reporting – Change of shift reports, Transfer reports, Incident reports

VI

Vital Signs

·     Guidelines for taking vital signs

·     Body temperature

o  Definition, Physiology, Regulation, Factors affecting body temperature

o  Assessment of body temperature – sites, equipment and technique

o  Temperature alterations- Hyperthermia, Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heatstroke, Hypothermia

o  Fever/Pyrexia – Definition, Causes, Stages, Types

·     Nursing Management

o  Hot and Cold applications

·     Pulse:

o  Definition, Physiology and Regulation, Characteristics, Factors affecting pulse

o  Assessment of pulse – sites, equipment and technique

o  Alterations in pulse

·     Respiration:

o  Definition, Physiology and Regulation, Mechanics of breathing, Characteristics, Factors affecting respiration

o  Assessment of respirations – technique

o  Arterial Oxygen saturation

o  Alterations in respiration

·     Blood pressure:

o  Definition, Physiology and Regulation, Characteristics, Factors affecting BP

o  Assessment of BP – sites, equipment and technique, Common Errors in BP Assessment

o  Alterations in Blood Pressure

·     Documenting Vital Signs

VII

Equipment and Linen

·     Types – Disposables and reusable

o  Linen, rubber goods, glassware, metal, plastics, furniture

·     Introduction – Indent, maintenance, Inventory

VIII

Introduction to Infection Control in Clinical setting Infection

·     Nature of infection

·     Chain of infection

·     Types of infection

·     Stages of infection

·     Factors increasing susceptibility to infection

·     Body defenses against infection – Inflammatory response & Immune response

·     Health care associated infection (Nosocomial infection)

Introductory concept of Asepsis – Medical & Surgical asepsis

Precautions

·     Hand Hygiene

·     (Hand washing and use of hand Rub)

·     Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

·     Standard precautions

Biomedical Waste management

·     Types of hospital waste, waste segregation and hazards – Introduction

IX

Comfort, Rest & Sleep and Pain

·     Comfort

o  Factors Influencing Comfort

o  Types of beds including latest beds, purposes & bed making

o  Therapeutic positions

o  Comfort devices

·     Sleep and Rest

o  Physiology of sleep

o  Factors affecting sleep

o  Promoting Rest and sleep

o  Sleep Disorders

·     Pain (Discomfort)

o  Physiology

o  Common cause of pain

o  Types

o  Assessment – pain scales and narcotic scales

o  Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological pain relieving measures – Use of narcotics, TENS devices, PCA

o  Invasive techniques of pain management

o  Any other newer measures

o  CAM (Complementary & Alternative healing Modalities)

X

Promoting Safety in Health Care Environment

·     Physical environment – Temperature, Humidity, Noise, Ventilation, Light, Odor, Pest control

·     Reduction of Physical hazards – fire, accidents

·     Fall Risk Assessment

·     Role of nurse in providing safe and clean environment

·     Safety devices –

o  Restraints – Types, Purposes, Indications, Legal Implications and Consent, Application of Restraints- Skill and Practice guidelines

o  Other Safety Devices – Side rails, Grab bars, Ambu alarms, non-skid slippers etc.

XI

Hospital Admission and Discharge

·     Admission to the hospital Unit and preparation of unit

·     Discharge from the hospital

o  Types – Planned discharge, LAMA and Abscond, Referrals and transfers

o  Discharge Planning

o  Discharge procedure

o  Medico-legal issues

o  Roles and Responsibilities of the nurse

o  Care of the unit after discharge

XII

Mobility and Immobility

·     Elements of Normal Movement, Alignment & Posture, Joint Mobility, Balance, Coordinated Movement

·     Principles of body mechanics

·     Factors affecting Body Alignment and activity

·     Exercise – Types and benefits

·     Effects of Immobility

·     Maintenance of normal Body Alignment and Activity

·     Alteration in Body Alignment and mobility

·     Nursing interventions for impaired Body Alignment and Mobility – assessment, types, devices used, method

·     Assisting clients with ambulation

·     Care of patients with Immobility using Nursing process approach

·     Care of patients with casts and splints

XIII

Patient Education

·     Patient Teaching – Importance, Purposes, Process

·     Integrating nursing process in patient teaching

XIV

First Aid*

·     Definition, Basic Principles, Scope & Rules

·     First Aid Management

o  Wounds, Hemorrhage & Shock

o  Musculoskeletal Injuries – Fractures, Dislocation, Muscle injuries

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