Fundamentals Of Chemistry

Units

Topics

No. of Lectures

Total No. of Lectures = 60

I

Introduction to Indian ancient Chemistry and contribution of Indian Chemists, in context to the holistic development of modern science and technology, should be included under Continues Evaluation (CIE)

Molecular Polarity and Weak Chemical Forces: Resonance and resonance energy, formal charge, Van der Waals forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, induced dipole interaction, dipole moment and molecular structure (Diatomic and polyatomic molecules), Percentage ionic character from dipole moment, polarising power and polarisability. Fajan’s rules and consequences of polarisation. Hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, induced dipole interaction.

(10)

II

Simple Bonding Theories of Molecules: Atomic orbitals, Aufbau principle, multiple bonding (σ and π bond approach) and bond lengths, the Valence Bond Theory (VBT), Concept of hybridisation, hybrid orbitals and molecular geometry, Bent’s rule, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory (VSEPR), shapes of the following simple molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons: H₂O, NH₃, PCl₅, SF₆, SF₄, ClF₃, I₃–, and H₃O⁺. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT). Molecular orbital diagrams bond orders of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules and ions (N₂, O₂, C₂, B₂, F₂, CO, NO, and their ions)

(10)

III

Periodic properties of Atoms (with reference to s & p-block): Brief discussion, factors affecting and variation trends of following properties in groups and periods. Effective nuclear charge, shielding or screening effect, Slater rules, atomic and ionic radii, Electronegativity, Pauling’s/Allred Rochow’s scales, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy.

(05)

IV

Recapitulation of basics of Organic Chemistry: Hybridisation, bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy, localised and delocalised chemical bonding, Van der Waals interactions, inclusion compounds, clatherates, charge transfer complexes, hyperconjugation, Dipole moment; Electronic Displacements: Inductive, electromeric, resonance mesomeric effects and their applications.

(05)

V

Mechanism of Organic Reactions: Curved arrow notation, drawing electron movements with allows, half-headed and double-headed arrows, homolytic and heterolytic bond fission, Types of reagents – electrophiles and nucleophiles, Types of organic reactions, Energy considerations. Reactive intermediates – carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, arynes and nitrenes (with examples).

(10)

VI

Stereochemistry: Concept of isomerism, Types of isomerism; Optical isomerism – elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centre, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centres, diasteromers, threo and erythro diastereomers, meso compounds, resolution of enantiomer, inversion, retention and racemisation. Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L and R & S systems of nomenclature. Geometric isomerism – determination of configuration of geometric isomers, E & Z system of nomenclature, geometric isomerism in oximes and alicyclic compounds. Conformational isomerism – conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane; conformations of cyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds, conformation of mono substituted cyclohexane derivatives, Newman projection and Sawhorse formulae, Fischer and flying wedge formulae, Difference between configuration and conformation.

(10)

VII

Basic Computer System (in brief): Hardware and Software; Input devices, Storage devices, Output devices, Central Processing Unit (Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit); Number system (Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Operating System); Computer Codes (BCD and ASCII); Numeric/String constants and variables. Operating Systems (DOS, WINDOWS, and Linux); Introduction of Software languages– Low level and High level languages (Machine language, Assembly language; QBASIC, FORTRAN) Software Products (Office, chemsketch, scilab, matlab, hyperchem, etc.), internet application.

(05)

VIII

Mathematical Concepts for Chemistry

Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculation of slopes, differentiation of functions like Kx, e^x, Xⁿ , sinx, logx; maxima and minima, partial differentiation and reciprocity relations, Integration of some useful/relevant functions; permutations and combinations, factorials, probability.

(05)