Biochemistry & Clinical Pathology

Chapter

Topic

Hours

1)     

Introduction to Biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical organization.

2

2)     

Carbohydrates

• Definition, classification with examples, chemical

properties

• Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose, and

galactose

• Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose

• Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and   glycogen

• Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates

5

3)     

Proteins

• Definition, classification of proteins based on

• composition and solubility with examples

• Definition, classification of amino acids based on

• Chemical nature and nutritional requirements withexamples

• Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)

• Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids

• Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.

5

4)     

Lipids

• Definition, classification with examples

• Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)

• Fatty acid classification - Based onchemical and nutritional requirements with examples

• Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body

• Lipoproteins - types, composition and functions in the body

• Qualitative tests and functions of lipids

5

5)     

Nucleic Acids

• Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases

• Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples

• Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and

• their functions

4

6)     

Enzymes

• Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification

• Factors affecting enzyme activity

• Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors

• Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes

5

7)     

Vitamins

• Definition and classification with examples

• Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins

6

8)     

Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures)

• Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates

• Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia

• Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.

• Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation

20

9)     

Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements

05

10)  

Water and Electrolytes

• Distribution, functions of water in the body

• Water turnover and balance

• Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance

• Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy

05

11)  

Introduction to Biotechnology

01

12)  

Organ Function Tests

•  Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical significances

• Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical significances

• Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances

06

13)  

Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine

• Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease

• Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their significance

• Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance

06